etude sur les contrails

Dans ce cas on parle de vrai Chemtrail et non pas des avions de ligne !

Le principe des pseudo science, c'est faire des amalgme, mais ca dessert toujours la cause en la décrédibilisant non et se décrédibilisant soi meme ?

d’ailleurs il y a plein d'etude fait sur les contrails, leur analyse et leur impact
Rien de special a par des gaz d'échappement


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reference de l'etude

Références :
•Appleman (1953), H. The formation of exhaust contrails by jet aircraft. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 34,
14–20
•Burkhardt et Kärcher, 2011 : Global Radiative Forcing from contrail cirrus, Nature
•H. Chepfer, S. Bony, D. Winker, M. Chiriaco, JL. Dufresne, G. Sèze : Use of CALIPSO lidar
observations to evaluate the cloudiness simulated by a climate modelAuthor manuscript, published in
"Geophysical Research Letters (2008) L15704
•Heymsfield, A. J., R. P. Lawson, and G. W. Sachse, 1998: Growth of ice crystals in a precipitating
contrail. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25(9), 1335–1338.
•Heymsfield, A. et al. Contrail microphysics, (2010). Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 91, 465–472
•Jensen, E.J., A.S. Ackerman, D.E. Stevens, O.B. Toon, and P. Minnis, 1998: Spreading and growth of
contrails in a sheared environment. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31557-31568, doi:10.1029/98JD02594.
•Kärcher et al., 2009 B. Kärcher, U. Burkhardt, S. Unterstrasser and P. Minnis, Factors controlling
contrail cirrus optical depth, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9 (2009), pp. 6229–6254.
19•Lee D. S., D. W. Fahey, P. M. Forster, P. J. Newton, R. C. N. Wit, L. L. Lim, B. Owen, and R.
Sausen, 2009: Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century. Atmos. Environ., 43, 3520–
3537.
•Minnis P., J.K. Ayers, M.L. Nordeen, S.P. Weaver, 2003 : Contrail frequency over the United States,
J. Climate, 16, 3447-3462
•Radel, G. and Shine, K. P., 2008: Radiative forcing by persistent contrails and its dependence on
cruise altitude. J. Geophys. Res., 113 D07105.
•Rap et al., 2010 A. Rap, P. Forster, A. Jones, O. Boucher, J. Haywood, N. Bellouin and R. De Leon,
Parameterisation of contrails in the UK Met Office Climate Model, J. Geophys. Res. 115 (2010), p.
D10205
•Stuber, N. and Forster, P., 2007: The impact of diurnal variations of air traffic on contrail radiative
forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3153-3162
•G Volker,M Dameris, C Fichter, R Sausen, 2002, Impact of aircraft Nox Emissions, Meteorologische
Zeitschrift
•Yang. P., G. Hong, A. E. Dessler, S. S. C. Ou, K.-N. Liou, P. Minnis and Harshvardhan 2010:
Contrails and induced cirrus - Optics and radiation. Bull. of the Am. Met. Soc., 473-478

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